“It took thirteen years of protest to make Columbia divest from racist apartheid South Africa. From teach-ins, sit-ins, and a brief 275-person strong occupation of the Business School in 1978, to University Senate votes, to Trustees refusing to comply with a democratic mandate, to a 1985 blockade of Hamilton Hall with hundreds of students and faculty and workers and Harlemites. It took administrators until 1991 to fully divest, but protests played a pivotal role in pressuring Columbia to actually uphold democracy and anti-racism, and protests here learned from and contributed to student actions around the country.”